美國商標侵害請求損失利益賠償限於蓄意侵權?
2016年Romag Fasteners v. Fossil案
楊智傑/雲林科技大學 科技法律研究所 教授
美國商標侵害時能否請求侵害人所獲利益?至今為止,不同巡迴法院採取不同見解,目前大概一半的法院認為要請求侵害人所獲利益,必須證明侵害人為蓄意或惡意。聯邦巡迴上訴法院2016年的Romag Fasteners v. Fossil案,支持第二巡迴法院的見解,認為要請求侵害人所獲利益,仍必須證明其具有蓄意詐欺。
圖片來源:Pixabay
損害賠償之衡平原則
到底侵害商標要請求侵害人所獲利益,是否要證明侵害人具有惡意,美國最高法院至今沒有明確表達見解[1]。1993年出版的「不公平競爭重述」(The Restatement of Unfair Competition),所採取的立場則是,只有在侵害人採取行為時,具有引起混淆或欺騙之意圖,才可請求該商標侵害行為所獲之利益[2]。
美國舊的商標法第1117條(a)規定,當商標權人證明被告違反第1125條(a)侵害商標後,在衡平原則之下(subject to the principles of equity),可求償(1)被告所獲利益,(2)原告所受之任何損失,及(3)訴訟之支出[3]。
掌管紐約地區的第二巡迴法院,在1992年曾做出George Basch Co., Inc. v. Blue Coral, Inc.案[4]判決,認為在商標法1117條(a)下,原告必須證明侵害人具有蓄意欺騙,才能夠以侵害人所獲利益計算賠償[5]。在1996年的Internat'l Star Class Yacht Racing Ass'n v. Tommy Hilfiger案,第二巡迴法院再次判決,原告必須證明侵權人的行為乃出於惡意(bad faith),才能夠以侵權人所獲利益作為賠償[6]。
聯邦巡迴上訴法院認為,就商標的侵害問題,則要回歸到第二巡迴法院所採取的見解。第二巡迴法院至今並沒有直接回答,到底1999年商標法修正,在解釋上是否會有不同[20]。但是在判決中,仍然維持蓄意欺騙是請求所獲利益的前提。第二巡迴法院在1999年商標法修法後,於2014年的Merck Eprova AG v. Gnosis S.p.A.案中,曾經再次表達,證明被告具有蓄意欺騙,是請求被告所獲利益的前提要件[21]。
美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院2016年的Romag Fasteners v. Fossil案,支持第二巡迴法院的立場,認為商標侵害若要請求侵害人所獲利益,仍須證明侵害人具有蓄意或惡意。相較於台灣,商標法第71條允許以各種方式計算損害賠償,包括以侵害商標所獲得之利益。但台灣法院並沒有注意到,侵害人所獲利益並非商標權人實際的損害,會有過度賠償的問題,只有在故意侵權時需要嚇阻這類行為,才需要以所獲利益作為賠償。
備註:
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc., 817 F.3d 782, 785 (Fed. Cir. 2016).
Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 37(1) (1995) (“One ... is liable for the net profits earned on profitable transactions resulting from [the infringement], if, but only if, the actor engaged in conduct with the intention of causing confusion or deception ...”).
15 U.S.C. § 1117(a)(1996)(“When a violation of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office, or a violation under section 1125(a) of this title, shall have been established in any civil action arising under this chapter, the plaintiff shall be entitled, subject to the provisions of sections 1111 and 1114 of this title, and subject to the principles of equity, to recover (1) defendant's profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action.”).
George Basch Co., Inc. v. Blue Coral, Inc., 968 F.2d 1532 (2d Cir.1992).
Id. at 1540.
Internat'l Star Class Yacht Racing Ass'n v. Tommy Hilfiger, U.S.A., Inc., 80 F.3d 749, 753 (2d Cir.1996).
George Basch, 968 F.2d at 1540.
Id. at 1539.
Id. at 1540–41.
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc., 817 F.3d at 786.
15 U.S.C. § 1117(a)(1999)(“….a violation under section 1125(a) of this title, or a willful violation under section 1125(c) of this title, shall have been established in any civil action arising under this chapter, the plaintiff shall be entitled, subject to the provisions of sections 1111 and 1114 of this title, and subject to the principles of equity, to recover (1) defendant's profits, (2) any damages sustained by the plaintiff, and (3) the costs of the action.”).
Banjo Buddies, Inc. v. Renosky, 399 F.3d 168, 175 (3d Cir.2005) (“By adding this word [‘willful’] to the statute in 1999, but limiting it to [§ 1125(c) ] violations, Congress effectively superseded the willfulness requirement as applied to [§ 1125(a) ].”)
Elizabeth L. Plitzuweit, Supreme Court Denies Certiorari in Contessa: Courts Remain Split in Determining Standard for Awarding Profits in Trademark Infringement Cases, 26 NO. 2 Intell. Prop. L. Newsl. 5 (2008).
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc., 817 F.3d at 783.
Id. at 783.
Id. at 783-84.
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. 29 F.Supp.3d 85, 107 (D. Connecticut, July 2, 2014).
Id. at 90.
Id. at 109-110.
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc., 817 F.3d at 789.
Merck Eprova AG v. Gnosis S.p.A., 760 F.3d 247, 261 (2d Cir.2014).
Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc., 817 F.3d at 789.