在2015年2月8日,全球主管Wi-Fi通訊標準的組織電機電子工程師學會(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE))的董事會,投票通過修正其專利政策。此次的修正,大部分都是關於IEEE的會員在授權其標準必要專利時,所謂的「公平合理無歧視授權」(FRAND)的內涵有關。其修正有六個重點,最重要的是將合理權利金明訂採最小可銷售合標實施單位。
在美國或在世界各地,對於IEEE的Wi-Fi標準,曾經引發許多訴訟,包括Microsoft v. Motorola案、Apple v. Motorola案、In re. Innovatio案和Ericsson v. D-Link案等。在各國訴訟中,法官對於何謂FRAND(公平、合理、無歧視)授權義務的內涵,有不同的看法[1]。
「已被接受保證書提交者(The Submitter of an Accepted LOA),已經承諾要將一個或更多的必要專利請求項提供授權,承諾不會在某一司法管轄區內請求或請求執行一必要專利請求項的禁止命令,除非實施專利者沒有參與司法審判,或不遵守司法審判結果,包括上訴法院的審查(如何任何一方在有效日期內所提出上訴),只要在該司法管轄區中該一或多個法院有權審判下列事項:決定合理權利金及其他合理授權條件、判決專利有效性、可實施性、必要性和是否侵權、判給金錢賠償、解決任何抗必或反訴爭議等。在某些國家,若沒有在第一次起訴狀終究請求禁止命令,及喪失後續階段請求禁制命令的權力,保證書提交者可以有條件地在起訴時要求保留禁止命令,以確保之後提出請求的權利,只要滿足本政策中請求禁止命令或請求執行禁止命令的條件。[10]」
IEEE在2015年對其專利政策進行的修正,有助於釐清FRAND授權承諾的內涵,也有助於解決許多標準必要專利授權上的各種專利法與競爭法上的爭議。不過,IEEE雖然通過此一專利政策,其他重要的標準制定組織並沒有跟進。尤其是高通公司採取特殊的整機授權收費模式,一直反對IEEE該次的修正,也同樣阻止類似規定在其他標準組織修正通過,例如歐洲電信標準協會(European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI)就沒有通過這樣的規定。
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(“ “Applicant” shall mean any prospective licensee for Essential Patent Claims. “Applicant” shall include all of its Affiliates.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1 (““Compliant Implementation” shall mean any product (e.g., component, sub-assembly, or end-product) or service that conforms to any mandatory or optional portion of a normative clause of an IEEE Standard.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2(“The licensing assurance shall be either: a) A general disclaimer to the effect that the Submitter without conditions will not enforce any present or future Essential Patent Claims against any person or entity making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing any Compliant Implementation that practices the Essential Patent Claims for use in conforming with the IEEE Standard; or,…”)
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“b) A statement that the Submitter will make available a license for Essential Patent Claims to an unrestricted number of Applicants on a worldwide basis without compensation or under Reasonable Rates, with other reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell, or import any Compliant Implementation that practices the Essential Patent Claims for use in conforming with the IEEE Standard. An Accepted LOA that contains such a statement signifies that reasonable terms and conditions, including without compensation or under Reasonable Rates, are sufficient compensation for a license to use those Essential Patent Claims and precludes seeking, or seeking to enforce, a Prohibitive Order except as provided in this policy.”)
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(““Prohibitive Order” shall mean an interim or permanent injunction, exclusion order, or similar adjudicative directive that limits or prevents making, having made, using, selling, offering to sell, or importing a Compliant Implementation.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2(“The Submitter of an Accepted LOA who has committed to make available a license for one or more Essential Patent Claims agrees that it shall neither seek nor seek to enforce a Prohibitive Order based on such Essential Patent Claim(s) in a jurisdiction unless the implementer fails to participate in, or to comply with the outcome of, an adjudication, including an affirming first-level appellate review, if sought by any party within applicable deadlines, in that jurisdiction by one or more courts that have the authority to: determine Reasonable Rates and other reasonable terms and conditions; adjudicate patent validity, enforceability, essentiality, and infringement; award monetary damages; and resolve any defenses and counterclaims. In jurisdictions where the failure to request a Prohibitive Order in a pleading waives the right to seek a Prohibitive Order at a later time, a Submitter may conditionally plead the right to seek a Prohibitive Order to preserve its right to do so later, if and when this policy’s conditions for seeking, or seeking to enforce, a Prohibitive Order are met.”)
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1 (““Reasonable Rate” shall mean appropriate compensation to the patent holder for the practice of an Essential Patent Claim excluding the value, if any, resulting from the inclusion of that Essential Patent Claim’s technology in the IEEE Standard.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(“In addition, determination of such Reasonable Rates should include, but need not be limited to, the consideration of: • The value that the functionality of the claimed invention or inventive feature within the Essential Patent Claim contributes to the value of the relevant functionality of the smallest saleable Compliant Implementation that practices the Essential Patent Claim.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(“• The value that the Essential Patent Claim contributes to the smallest saleable Compliant Implementation that practices that claim, in light of the value contributed by all Essential Patent Claims for the same IEEE Standard practiced in that Compliant Implementation.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(“• Existing licenses covering use of the Essential Patent Claim, where such licenses were not obtained under the explicit or implicit threat of a Prohibitive Order, and where the circumstances and resulting licenses are otherwise sufficiently comparable to the circumstances of the contemplated license. “Reciprocal Licensing” shall mean that the Submitter of an LOA has conditioned its granting of a license for its Essential Patent Claims upon the Applicant’s agreement to grant a license to the Submitter with Reasonable Rates and other reasonable licensing terms and conditions to the Applicant’s Essential Patent Claims, if any, for the referenced IEEE Standard, including any amendments, corrigenda, editions, and revisions. If an LOA references an amendment or corrigendum, the scope of reciprocity includes the base IEEE Standard and its amendments, corrigenda, editions, and revisions.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.1(““Reciprocal Licensing” shall mean that the Submitter of an LOA has conditioned its granting of a license for its Essential Patent Claims upon the Applicant’s agreement to grant a license to the Submitter with Reasonable Rates and other reasonable licensing terms and conditions to the Applicant’s Essential Patent Claims, if any, for the referenced IEEE Standard, including any amendments, corrigenda, editions, and revisions. If an LOA references an amendment or corrigendum, the scope of reciprocity includes the base IEEE Standard and its amendments, corrigenda, editions, and revisions.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“The Submitter shall not condition a license on the Applicant’s agreeing (a) to grant a license to any of the Applicant’s Patent Claims that are not Essential Patent Claims for the referenced IEEE standard, or (b) to take a license for any of the Submitter’s Patent Claims that are not Essential Patent Claims for the referenced IEEE standard.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“The Submitter and the Applicant should engage in good faith negotiations (if sought by either party) without unreasonable delay or may litigate or, with the parties’ mutual agreement, arbitrate: over patent validity, enforceability, essentiality, or infringement; Reasonable Rates or other reasonable licensing terms and conditions; compensation for unpaid past royalties or a future royalty rate; any defenses or counterclaims; or any other related issues.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“Nothing in this policy shall preclude a Submitter and an implementer from agreeing to arbitrate over patent validity, enforceability, essentiality, or infringement; Reasonable Rates or other reasonable licensing terms and conditions; compensation for unpaid past royalties or a future royalty rate; any defenses or counterclaims; reciprocal obligations; or any other issues that the parties choose to arbitrate.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“Nothing in this policy shall preclude a licensor and licensee from voluntarily negotiating any license under terms mutually agreeable to both parties.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“The Submitter and all Affiliates (other than those Affiliates excluded in a Letter of Assurance) shall not, with the intent of circumventing or negating any of the representations and commitments made in the Accepted Letter of Assurance, assign or otherwise transfer any rights in any Essential Patent Claims that they hold, control, or have the ability to license and for which licensing assurance was provided on the Accepted Letter of Assurance.”).
IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws (2015), 6.2 (“An Accepted Letter of Assurance is intended to be binding upon any and all assignees and transferees of any Essential Patent Claim covered by such LOA. The Submitter agrees (a) to provide notice of an Accepted Letter of Assurance either through a Statement of Encumbrance or by binding its assignee or transferee to the terms of such Letter of Assurance; and (b) to require its assignee or transferee to (i) agree to similarly provide such notice and (ii) to bind its assignees or transferees to agree to provide such notice as described in (a) and (b).”).