Google的關鍵字廣告服務,在全球都引發是否侵害商標權與公平交易法的訴訟。其中,歐洲法院於2010年判決的Google France SARL案[1],對此問題採取統一見解。其認為,就Google販賣搜尋服務關鍵字廣告來說,並沒有侵權行為,但就購買關鍵字廣告的廠商來說,則會侵害商標權。探究歐盟法院的論述,與歐盟商標法中「商標使用」的定義有關。而台灣的規定又是如何呢?
歐盟有「歐盟商標指令」(Directive 89/104),以及「共同體商標規章」(Regulation No 40/94)。歐盟商標指令,是要求歐盟各會員國必須確保其內國的商標法,符合歐盟商標指令。而共同體商標規章,則是直接規定所謂的「歐盟共同體商標」的規範。兩者對於侵權的條文都大同小異。歐盟商標指令規定於第5條(1)(a)和(b)[5],共同體商標規章規定於第9條(1)(a)和(b)[6],兩者大致都規定,商標權人有權禁止第三人,在未經其同意下,在商業過程中(in the course of trade),使用一個與註冊商標相同或近似(identical with, or similar to)的符號(signs),用於與註冊商標所註冊之同一或類似(identical with, or similar to)的商標或服務,而使消費者產生混淆之虞(a likelihood of confusion)[7]。
歐洲法院指出,這裡要探討的幾個重點在於,Google或廣告主對商標的使用是否符合下列三點:(1)是否是「商業過程中使用」(use in the course of trade);(2)是否與商品或服務有關連的使用(use in relation to goods or services);以及(3)其使用是否對商標的功能產生負面影響(use liable to have an adverse effect on the functions of the trade mark)[9]。
Joined Cases C-236/08, C-237/08 & C-238/08, Google France SARL v. Louis Vuitton Malletier SA(2010).
Id. paras 29-30.
Id. para 32.
Id. para 42.
Article 5(1) of Directive 89/104(“1. The registered trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:
(a) any sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the trade mark is registered;
(b)any sign where, because of its identity with, or similarity to, the trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, which includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark.”).
Article 9(1) of Regulation No 40/94(“1. A Community trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein. The proprietor shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade:
(a)any sign which is identical with the Community trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the Community trade mark is registered;
(b)any sign where, because of its identity with or similarity to the Community trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by the Community trade mark and the sign, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public; the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark;”).
Joined Cases C-236/08, C-237/08 & C-238/08, para 45.
Id. para 47.
Id. para 49.
Id. para 50.
Id. para 51.
Id. para 52.
Id. para 53.
Id. para 55.
Id. para 56.
Id. para 57.
Id. para 58.
Id. para 60.
Id. para 62.
Id. para 63.
Id. para 64.
Article 5(1) of Directive 89/104(“3. The following, inter alia, may be prohibited under paragraphs l and 2:(a) affixing the sign to the goods or to the packaging thereof;
(b)offering the goods, or putting them on the market or stocking them for these purposes under that sign, or offering or supplying services thereunder;
(c)importing or exporting the goods under the sign;
(d)using the sign on business papers and in advertising.”).
Article 9(2) of Regulation No 40/942. The following, inter alia, may be prohibited under paragraph 1:
(a) affixing the sign to the goods or to the packaging thereof;
(b) offering the goods, putting them on the market or stocking them for these purposes under that sign, or offering or supplying services thereunder;
(c) importing or exporting the goods under that sign;
(d) using the sign on business papers and in advertising.”).
Joined Cases C-236/08, C-237/08 & C-238/08, para 65.