申請專利時除了盡信審查指南也要注重判決先例:2019年Cleveland Clinic Found. v. True Health Diagnostics LLC案
李秉燊/美國杜克大學法學院訪問學者
2019 年4月1日,美國聯邦巡迴上訴法院(CAFC)在Cleveland Clinic Found. v. True Health Diagnostics LLC案(2019年Cleveland Clinic II案)確認「在司法機關審查時,具有拘束力的判決先例優先於任何由美國專利商標局(USPTO)公布包含適格性在內的專利審查指南」。因此,專利從業者在撰寫美國專利申請案的請求項時,應確認該請求項同時符合USPTO公布的專利適格性指南和美國法院(尤其是美國最高法院和CAFC)針對專利適格的判決先例,以確保能獲准專利並在專利侵權訴訟受被告挑戰時仍保持其有效性。
圖片來源:Pixabay
美國專利界很希望CAFC能在2019年Cleveland Clinic II案[1]針對2018年4月Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Ltd案[2]後的「治療方法」請求項對美國專利法第101條下哪些是屬於不具專利適格的自然法則給予多一些闡明,可惜的是,CAFC在本案主要僅引述判決先例判定由於系爭請求項(1)指向(directed to)自然法則的法定不予專利項目,且(2)不具任何「發明性概念」(inventive concept),因此無法通過美國法院的Alice/Mayo兩步驟測試而無效。雖然CAFC在本案判決未指明任何法院在審查「治療方法」請求項適格性的明確標準(bright-line rule),但卻處理了USPTO公布的行政指南的法律效力問題[3],尤其當CAFC認為USPTO在2016年5月4日公布的專利適格性指南[4](2016年專利適格性指南)第29個範例(Example 29)牴觸其在2015年Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc.案[5](2015年Ariosa案)的判決要旨。
Cleveland Clinic Found. v. True Health Diagnostics LLC, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 9451, slip op. at 2, 9-12 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (Cleveland Clinic II).
Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Ltd, 887 F.3d 1117 (Fed. Cir. 2018).
Cleveland Clinic II, slip op. at 12-15.
Subject Matter Eligibility Examples: Life Sciences, USPTO, May 4, 2016, available at: https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ieg-may-2016-ex.pdf
Id. at 13. (Ariosa Diagnostics, Inc. v. Sequenom, Inc., 788 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2015)).
Cleveland Clinic Found. v. True Health Diagnostics LLC, 859 F.3d 1352, 1360-61 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (Cleveland Clinic I).
Cleveland Clinic II, slip op. at 5.
U.S. Patent No. 9,581,597, Claim 1 ( “A method for identifying an elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in a plasma sample from a human subject with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease comprising: a) contacting a sample with an anti-MPO antibody, wherein said sample is a plasma sample from a human subject having atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; b) spectrophotometrically detecting MPO levels in said plasma sample; c) comparing said MPO levels in said plasma sample to a standard curve generated with known amounts of MPO to determine the MPO concentration in said sample; and d) comparing said MPO concentration in said plasma sample from said human subject to a control MPO concentration from apparently healthy human subjects, and identifying said MPO concentration in said plasma sample from said human subject as being elevated compared to said control MPO concentration.”)
Cleveland Clinic II, slip op. at 7.
Id. at 9.
Id.
Id. at 10.
Id.
Id. at 11.
Id. at 11-12.
Supra note 4, at 10 (“Claim1. A method of detecting JUL-1 in a patient, said method comprising: a. obtaining a plasma sample from a human patient; and b. detecting whether JUL-1 is present in the plasma sample by contacting the plasma sample with an anti-JUL-1 antibody and detecting binding between JUL-1 and the antibody.”)
Ariosa, 788 F.3d at 1373-74. (“Claim1. 1. A method for detecting a paternally inherited nucleic acid of fetal origin performed on a maternal serum or plasma sample from a pregnant female, which method comprises amplifying a paternally inherited nucleic acid from the serum or plasma sample and detecting the presence of a paternally inherited nucleic acid of fetal origin in the sample.”)