馬庫西式請求項(Markush Type Claim)是常見的專利請求項撰寫方式之一,多用於化學、生技等專利案,其格式為「selected from the group consisting of A, B and C」,而這次聯邦法院 (Federal Circuit) 針對Multilayer v. Berry案的判決,再次提醒申請人對Markush Claim釋義時該注意的事項。
「28. A multi-layer, thermoplastic stretch wrap film containing seven polymeric layers, comprising:
(a) two outer layers, at least one of which having a cling performance of at least 100 grams/inch, said outer layer being selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, and ultra low density polyethylene resins, said resins being homopolymers, copolymers, or terpolymers, of ethylene and alpha-olefins; and
(b) five inner layers, with each layer being selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), ultra low density polyethylene (ULDPE), and metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene resins (mLLDPE); said resins being homopolymers, copolymers, or terpolymers, of ethylene and C.sub.3 to C.sub.20 alpha-olefins,
wherein at least one of said inner layers comprises a metallocene catalyzed linear low density polyethylene resin with a melt index of 0.5 to 3 dg/min and a melt index ratio of 16 to 80.」
此外,聯邦法院法官基於claim解釋第1點的結論,進一步確認附屬項Claim 10為無效。Claim 10記載:「The multi-layer, thermoplastic stretch wrap film of claim 1, wherein at least one said inner layer comprises low density polyethylene homopolymer (LDPE)…」,由於Claim 1已經確定是只能包含所列四種樹脂(LLDPE、VLDPE、ULDPE以及mLLDPE),所以Claim 10記載inner layer包括LDPE就是與Claim 1衝突了,因Claim 1已經排除LDPE,導致Claim 10不符合35 U.S.C. § 112(d)之規定。
Abbott案中指出Markush Claim若沒有寫出mixtures thereof則應被解釋為one and only one of,也就是不包含元素之混合,此論點同時也是地院的判決依據。聯邦法院法官認為所有型態的claims,包含Markush Claim,的解釋必須依據請求項、說明書、答辯歷史等任何相關外在證據,法官認為’055的說明書有記載樹脂可混合,獨立項本身所列之linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)與metallocene-catalyzed linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE)也可說明樹脂之混合。此外,法官提及Abbott案中對於mixture的推定與consisting of的推定有所區別且強度也不同。
結論
在實務上,對於 consisting of的解釋已無太多疑問,用了封閉語法就不要期待可以擴張到未列之元件,至於混合的部分,其實通常撰稿時會於句末加上combinations thereof,例如「selected from the group consisting of A, B, C and combinations thereof」,所以此判例應是提醒申請人若是忘了在claim寫入混合字眼,可試圖以說明書有記載之內容來補救,最後就是Claim 10因為與所依附項相牴觸而無效的部分,這提醒申請人應於使用封閉語法時要特別注意後項所載內容是否與前項範圍有所衝突。