在前者,主要是由於權利之範圍與限制欠缺明確性。根據2020年《3D列印研究報告》(The Intellectual property implications of the development of industrial 3D printing),已確認儘管電腦輔助設計(CAD)檔案本身不受設計保護,但CAD檔案所包含之數位模型仍可受保護;再者,個人得基於私人且非商用目的而豁免其3D列印行為之侵權責任,惟中介機構提供之支援服務(例如由3D列印機構列印或掃描、或上傳或分享3D列印檔案等)則不得豁免。至於在公開平台上傳、託管或下載CAD檔案之行為是否構成侵權,在當時仍有待釐清。
繼歐盟商標規範修正後,普遍認為也有必要在CDR增訂相關條款以打擊仿冒[4],因此,在遵守關稅暨貿易總協定(GATT)第5條義務之下,CDR之修訂草案第19(3)條前段規定,權利人有權禁止第三方在貿易過程中,將不得放行予自由流通(without being released for free circulation)之第三國產品帶入歐盟,且該產品係未經授權而包含或應用與歐盟註冊設計完全或大致相同之設計——即使無意在歐盟上市此類產品亦同。海關應按歐盟第608/2013號規則行使監管權力(包括應權利人要求)[5],尤其應依據風險分析標準實施相關控管措施。
儘管大多數利害關係者認為現行之設計權利限制規定(CDR第20(1)(a)至(c)條)易於主張且合適,但在結合技術發展(例如3D列印)與新社交趨勢(例如社群媒體影響者)之下,如何界定「私人且非商用」可能益發困難[8]——尤其是當3D列印普及後,可能導致眾多消費者的3D列印行為因私人使用限制而事實上豁免(de facto immunity)[9]其侵權責任。
再者,CJEU判例法所揭示之限制例外是否易於主張——亦即「符合公平之商業慣例,且不應予人以第三方與設計權人間存在商業關聯之印象,不應不當利用設計權人之商業聲譽,不應損及設計權人因利用設計可能獲得之經濟利益」——亦有約40%的利害關係者表示懷疑[10]。
總言之,此部分修訂能否平衡各方利益,限制例外能否發揮效果,將會是未來觀察重點。
【CDR第19及20條條文對照表】
CDR現行規定
執委會草案
19(1), A registered Community design shall confer on its holder the exclusive right to use it and to prevent any third party not having his consent from using it. The aforementioned use shall cover, in particular, the making, offering, putting on the market, importing, exporting or using of a product in which the design is incorporated or to which it is applied, or stocking such a product for those purposes.
(2) An unregistered Community design shall, however, confer on its holder the right to prevent the acts referred to in paragraph 1 only if the contested use results from copying the protected design.
The contested use shall not be deemed to result from copying the protected design if it results from an independent work of creation by a designer who may be reasonably thought not to be familiar with the design made available to the public by the holder.
(3) Paragraph 2 shall also apply to a registered Community design subject to deferment of publication as long as the relevant entries in the register and the file have not been made available to the public in accordance with Article 50(4).
19(1), A registered EU design shall confer on its holder the exclusive right to use it and to prevent any third party not having the consent of the holder from using it. (2) The following, in particular, may be prohibited under paragraph 1:
(a) making, offering, putting on the market, or using a product in which the design is incorporated or to which the design is applied;
(b) importing or exporting a product referred to in point (a);
(c) stocking a product referred to in point (a) for the purposes referred to in points (a) and (b); (d) creating, downloading, copying and sharing or distributing to others any medium or software recording the design for the purpose of enabling a product referred to in point (a) to be made. (3) By way of derogation from Article 10(1), the holder of a registered EU design shall be entitled to prevent all third parties from bringing products, in the course of trade, from third countries into the Union, that are not released for free circulation in the Union, where the design is identically incorporated in or applied to those products, or the design cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such products, and an authorisation has not been given. The right referred to in the first subparagraph shall lapse, if, during proceedings to determine whether the EU design has been infringed, initiated in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 608/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council*, evidence is provided by the declarant or the holder of the products that the holder of the registered EU design is not entitled to prohibit the placing of the products on the market in the country of final destination.
(4) The holder of an unregistered EU design shall be entitled to prevent acts referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 only if the contested use results from copying that design.
The contested use referred above shall not be deemed to result from copying the unregistered EU design if it results from an independent work of creation by a designer who may be reasonably thought not to be familiar with the design made available to the public by the holder.
(5) Paragraph 4 shall also apply to a registered EU design subject to deferment of publication as long as the relevant entries in the Register and the file have not been made available to the public in accordance with Article 50(4).
20(1), The rights conferred by a Community design shall not be exercised in respect of:
(a) acts done privately and for non-commercial purposes;
(b) acts done for experimental purposes;
(c) acts of reproduction for the purpose of making citations or of teaching, provided that such acts are compatible with fair trade practice and do not unduly prejudice the normal exploitation of the design, and that mention is made of the source.
(2) In addition, the rights conferred by a Community design shall not be exercised in respect of:
(a) the equipment on ships and aircraft registered in a third country when these temporarily enter the territory of the Community;
(b) the importation in the Community of spare parts and accessories for the purpose of repairing such craft;
(c) the execution of repairs on such craft.
20(1), The rights conferred by an EU design shall not be exercised in respect of:
(a) acts carried out privately and for non-commercial purposes;
(b) acts carried out for experimental purposes;
(c) acts of reproduction for the purpose of making citations or of teaching; (d) acts carried out for the purpose of identifying or referring to a product as that of the design right holder; (e) acts carried out for the purpose of comment, critique or parody; (f) the equipment on ships and aircraft that are registered in a third country and that temporarily enter the territory of the Union; (g) the importation into the Union of spare parts and accessories for the purpose of repairing ships and aircraft referred to in point (f); (h) the execution of repairs on ships and aircraft referred to in point (f).
(2) Paragraph 1, points (c), (d) and (e), shall only apply where the acts are compatible with fair trade practices and do not unduly prejudice the normal exploitation of the design, and in the case of point (c), where mention is made of the source of the product in which the design is incorporated or to which the design is applied.
備註:
SWD(2020) 264 final, at 29-31.
Judgment of the Court, 1.12.2011, joined cases Philips and Nokia C-446/09 and Nokia C-495/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:796.
COM(2022) 666 final, Recital 11.
COM(2022) 666 final, Recital 12-14.
Regulation (EU) No 608/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 concerning customs enforcement of intellectual property rights and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003.
Judgment in Joined Cases C-24/16 and C-25/16, Nintendo, ECLI:EU:C:2017:724.